Ikibazo cyo "gusaza" mubyukuri ahantu hose.Noneho igihe kirageze.
"Umubare munini wa bateri nshya y’imodoka zifite ingufu zizaba zifite garanti zizarangira mu myaka umunani iri imbere, kandi byihutirwa gukemura ikibazo cy’ubuzima bwa batiri."Vuba aha, Li Bin, umuyobozi akaba n’umuyobozi mukuru wa NIO, yihanangirije inshuro nyinshi ko niba iki kibazo kidashobora gukemurwa neza, ibiciro bizaza bizakoreshwa mu gukemura ibibazo bizakurikiraho.
Ku isoko rya batiri yumuriro, uyumwaka numwaka udasanzwe.Muri 2016, igihugu cyanjye cyashyize mu bikorwa politiki y’imyaka 8 cyangwa 120.000 ya garanti ya bateri nshya y’imodoka.Muri iki gihe, bateri yimodoka nshya zingufu zaguzwe mumwaka wambere wa politiki iregereje cyangwa igeze kurangiza igihe cya garanti.Amakuru yerekana ko mumyaka umunani iri imbere, imodoka nshya zirenga miriyoni 19 zose zizinjira buhoro buhoro gusimbuza bateri.
Ku masosiyete yimodoka ashaka gukora ubucuruzi bwa bateri, iri ni isoko ridakwiye kubura.
Mu 1995, imodoka yanjye ya mbere y’ingufu z’igihugu cyanjye yavuye ku murongo - bisi y’amashanyarazi yera yitwa "Yuanwang".Mu myaka 20 ishize kuva icyo gihe, uruganda rwanjye rushya rw’imodoka n’ingufu rwateye imbere buhoro.
Kubera ko urusaku ari ruto cyane kandi ni ibinyabiziga bikoresha cyane cyane, ababikoresha ntibarashobora kwishimira ibipimo ngenderwaho by’igihugu byemejwe kuri "umutima" w’ibinyabiziga bishya - batiri.Intara zimwe, imijyi cyangwa amasosiyete yimodoka nabyo byashyizeho ibipimo ngenderwaho bya garanti yingufu za batiri, inyinshi muri zo zitanga garanti yimyaka 5 cyangwa 100.000, ariko imbaraga zihuza ntabwo zikomeye.
Mu mwaka wa 2015 ni bwo igihugu cyanjye kigurisha buri mwaka imodoka nshya z’ingufu zatangiye kurenga 300.000, gihinduka imbaraga nshya zidashobora kwirengagizwa.Byongeye kandi, Leta itanga politiki "y’amafaranga nyayo" nk’inkunga nshya y’ingufu no gusonerwa imisoro y’ubuguzi kugira ngo iteze imbere ingufu nshya, kandi amasosiyete y’imodoka na sosiyete nayo ikorera hamwe.
Muri 2016, politiki yigihugu ya batiri yingufu za garanti yemewe.Igihe cya garanti yimyaka 8 cyangwa kilometero 120.000 ni kirekire cyane kurenza imyaka 3 cyangwa kilometero 60.000 za moteri.Mu rwego rwo gusubiza politiki no gutekereza ku kwagura ibicuruzwa bishya by’ingufu, amasosiyete amwe y’imodoka yongereye igihe cya garanti agera kuri kilometero 240.000 cyangwa na garanti y'ubuzima.Ibi bihwanye no guha abaguzi bashaka kugura ibinyabiziga bishya byingufu "ibyiringiro".
Kuva icyo gihe, isoko ry’ingufu nshya mu gihugu cyanjye ryinjiye mu cyiciro cy’iterambere ryihuta kabiri, aho ibicuruzwa birenga miliyoni imwe ku nshuro ya mbere muri 2018. Kuva mu mwaka ushize, umubare w’ibinyabiziga bishya by’ingufu bifite garanti y’imyaka umunani wageze kuri 19.5 miliyoni, kwiyongera inshuro 60 kuva mu myaka irindwi ishize.
Mu buryo nk'ubwo, kuva 2025 kugeza 2032, umubare w'imodoka nshya zifite ingufu za garanti zarangiye nazo ziziyongera uko umwaka utashye, kuva kuri 320.000 kugeza kuri miliyoni 7.33.Li Bin yagaragaje ko guhera mu mwaka utaha, abayikoresha bazahura n'ibibazo nka batiri y'amashanyarazi bitarenze garanti, "bateri y'ibinyabiziga ifite ubuzima butandukanye" ndetse n'amafaranga yo gusimbuza batiri menshi.
Iyi phenomenon izagaragara cyane mugice cyambere cyimodoka nshya zingufu.Muri kiriya gihe, tekinoroji ya batiri, inzira yo gukora, na nyuma yo kugurisha ntabwo yari ikuze bihagije, bigatuma ibicuruzwa bidahungabana.Ahagana muri 2017, amakuru yumuriro wa batiri yumuriro yagaragaye umwe umwe.Ingingo y’umutekano wa batiri yabaye ingingo ishyushye mu nganda kandi yanagize ingaruka ku cyizere cy’abaguzi cyo kugura imodoka nshya.
Kugeza ubu, muri rusange abantu bizera mu nganda ko ubuzima bwa bateri muri rusange bugera ku myaka 3-5, kandi ubuzima bwimodoka bwimodoka burenga imyaka 5.Batare nikintu gihenze cyane cyimodoka nshya yingufu, mubisanzwe bingana na 30% yikiguzi cyose.
NIO itanga amakuru yikiguzi nyuma yo kugurisha paki ya batiri isimburwa kubinyabiziga bimwe bishya.Kurugero, ubushobozi bwa bateri yububiko bwamashanyarazi meza yiswe "A" ni 96.1kWh, naho igiciro cyo gusimbuza bateri kiri hejuru ya 233.000.Kuri moderi ebyiri zagutse zifite ubushobozi bwa bateri hafi 40kWh, igiciro cyo gusimbuza bateri kirenga 80.000.Ndetse kuri moderi ya Hybrid ifite ubushobozi bwamashanyarazi butarenze 30kWh, igiciro cyo gusimbuza bateri kiri hafi 60.000.
Li Bin yagize ati: "Moderi zimwe ziva mu nganda zikora urugwiro zakoze kilometero miliyoni, ariko bateri eshatu zangiritse".Igiciro cyo gusimbuza bateri eshatu cyarenze igiciro cyimodoka ubwayo.
Niba ikiguzi cyo gusimbuza bateri gihinduwe amafaranga 60.000, noneho imodoka miliyoni 19.5 zingufu zifite ingufu za batiri zizarangira mumyaka umunani bizashiraho isoko rishya ryamadorari.Kuva kumasoko yubucukuzi bwa lithium kugeza kumasosiyete akoresha amashanyarazi hagati kugeza no mumasosiyete yimodoka yo hepfo no mumasoko hamwe nabacuruzi nyuma yo kugurisha, bose bazabyungukiramo.
Niba ibigo bishaka kubona byinshi kuri pie, bagomba guhatanira kureba uwashobora gukora bateri nshya ishobora gufata neza "imitima" yabaguzi.
Mu myaka umunani iri imbere, bateri zigera kuri miliyoni 20 zizinjira mugihe cyo gusimbuza.Amasosiyete ya Batteri hamwe namasosiyete yimodoka bose bifuza gufata "ubucuruzi".
Kimwe nuburyo butandukanye bwo guteza imbere ingufu nshya, amasosiyete menshi yanavuze ko ikoranabuhanga rya batiri naryo ryifashisha imirongo myinshi nka lithium fer fosifate, lithium ternary, lithium Iron manganese fosifate, leta ikomeye, hamwe na leta ikomeye.Kuri iki cyiciro, lithium fer fosifate na batteri ya lithium ya ternary nibyo byingenzi, bingana na 99% byumusaruro wose.
Kugeza ubu, inganda zisanzwe za batiri ntizishobora kurenga 20% mugihe cya garanti, kandi irasaba ko ubushobozi bwiyongera butarenga 80% nyuma yumuriro wuzuye hamwe no gusohora.
Ariko, mugukoresha nyabyo, biragoye kuzuza iki cyifuzo bitewe ningaruka zubushyuhe buke hamwe nubushyuhe bwo hejuru hamwe no gusohora.Amakuru yerekana ko kuri ubu, bateri nyinshi zifite ubuzima bwa 70% gusa mugihe cya garanti.Ubuzima bwa bateri nibumara kugabanuka munsi ya 70%, imikorere yayo izagabanuka cyane, uburambe bwabakoresha buzagira ingaruka cyane, kandi ibibazo byumutekano bizavuka.
Nk’uko Weilai abitangaza ngo igabanuka ry'ubuzima bwa batiri ahanini rifitanye isano n’imikoreshereze y’imodoka ndetse n’uburyo bwo "kubika imodoka", aho "kubika imodoka" bingana na 85%.Bamwe mu bakora imyitozo bagaragaje ko abakoresha ingufu nyinshi muri iki gihe bamenyereye gukoresha amashanyarazi byihuse kugira ngo bongere ingufu, ariko gukoresha kenshi umuriro byihuse bizihutisha gusaza kwa batiri kandi bigabanya igihe cya batiri.
Li Bin yemera ko 2024 ari igihe cyingenzi cyane."Ni ngombwa gushyiraho gahunda nziza y'ubuzima bwa batiri ku bakoresha, inganda zose, ndetse na sosiyete yose."
Kubijyanye niterambere ryubu rya tekinoroji ya batiri, imiterere ya bateri ndende irakwiriye ku isoko.Ibyo bita bateri yubuzima burebure, bizwi kandi nka "bateri ya attenuation", ishingiye kuri bateri zisanzwe zisanzwe (cyane cyane bateri ya lithium ya batiri na batiri ya lisiyumu ya karubone) hamwe nano-nzira yo kunoza ibikoresho byiza kandi bibi bya electrode kugirango bidindiza kwangirika kwa Bateri. .Nukuvuga ko ibikoresho byiza bya electrode byongeweho hamwe na "lithium yuzuza agent", kandi ibikoresho bya electrode bibi byapimwe na silicon.
Ijambo ry'inganda ni "silicon doping na lithium yuzuza".Bamwe mu basesenguzi bavuze ko mu gihe cyo kwishyuza ingufu nshya, cyane cyane iyo hakoreshejwe umuriro mwinshi, "lithium absorption" izabaho, ni ukuvuga lithium yatakaye.Kwiyongera kwa Litiyumu birashobora kongera igihe cya bateri, mugihe doping ya silicon irashobora kugabanya bateri igihe cyo kwishyuza vuba.
Mubyukuri, ibigo bireba birakora cyane kugirango ubuzima bwa bateri bube.Ku ya 14 Werurwe, NIO yashyize ahagaragara ingamba zayo zo kubaho igihe kirekire.Muri iyo nama, NIO yerekanye ko sisitemu ya batiri ya 150kWh ultra-high energy density sisitemu yateje imbere ifite ingufu zingana na 50% mugihe ikomeza ubwinshi.Umwaka ushize, Weilai ET7 yari ifite bateri ya dogere 150 yo kwipimisha nyirizina, kandi ubuzima bwa batiri ya CLTC bwarenze kilometero 1.000.
Hiyongereyeho, NIO yateje imbere kandi 100kWh yuzuye yuzuye ya CTP selile yubushyuhe-gukwirakwiza na bateri ya 75kWh ya ternary fer-lithium Hybrid.Bateri nini ya silindrike yatezimbere ifite imbere yimbere ya miliohms 1,6 ifite ubushobozi bwo kwishyuza 5C kandi irashobora kumara kilometero 255 kumuriro wiminota 5.
NIO yavuze ko hashingiwe ku ntera nini yo gusimbuza bateri, ubuzima bwa batiri burashobora gukomeza ubuzima bwa 80% nyuma yimyaka 12, bukaba buri hejuru yikigereranyo cy’ubuzima bwa 70% mu myaka 8.Ubu, NIO ifatanya na CATL kugirango bafatanye guteza imbere bateri ndende, bafite intego yo kugira urwego rwubuzima rutari munsi ya 85% mugihe ubuzima bwa bateri burangiye mumyaka 15.
Mbere yibi, CATL yatangaje mu 2020 ko yashyizeho "bateri ya zero" ishobora kugera kuri zeru mu bihe 1.500.Nk’uko abantu bamenyereye iki kibazo babitangaza, bateri yakoreshejwe mu mishinga yo kubika ingufu za CATL, ariko nta makuru kugeza ubu mu bijyanye n’imodoka nshya zitwara abagenzi.
Muri iki gihe, CATL na Zhiji Automobile bafatanyije kubaka bateri y’amashanyarazi bakoresheje ikoranabuhanga rya "silicon-dope lithium-yongerewe", bavuga ko bashobora kugera kuri zeru kandi ko "batazigera batwika" mu birometero 200.000, kandi n’ubucucike bukabije bw’ingufu za batiri burashobora kugera kuri 300Wh / kg.
Kwamamara no kuzamura bateri zigihe kirekire bifite akamaro kanini kumasosiyete yimodoka, abakoresha ingufu nshya ndetse ninganda zose.
Mbere ya byose, kubigo byimodoka nabakora bateri, byongera chip yo guhahira murugamba rwo gushyiraho bateri.Umuntu wese ushobora guteza imbere cyangwa gukoresha bateri zigihe kirekire ubanza azagira byinshi avuga kandi abanze gufata amasoko menshi mbere.Cyane cyane ibigo bishishikajwe nisoko ryo gusimbuza bateri birashishikaye cyane.
Nkuko twese tubizi, igihugu cyanjye ntikirashiraho ibipimo bya batiri bihuriweho muriki cyiciro.Kugeza ubu, tekinoroji yo gusimbuza bateri ni ikibanza cyambere cyo kugerageza ingufu za batiri.Xin Guobin, Minisitiri wungirije wa Minisiteri y’inganda n’ikoranabuhanga mu itumanaho, yasobanuye neza muri Kamena umwaka ushize ko aziga kandi agakusanya sisitemu y’ikoranabuhanga rya swap kandi agateza imbere guhuza ingano ya batiri, interineti ihinduranya bateri, protocole y’itumanaho n’ibindi bipimo .Ibi ntibiteza imbere gusa guhinduranya no guhinduranya bateri, ariko kandi bifasha kugabanya ibiciro byumusaruro no kuzamura umusaruro.
Ibigo byifuza kuba ibisanzwe bisanzwe mumasoko yo gusimbuza bateri byihutisha imbaraga.Dufashe NIO nk'urugero, rushingiye ku mikorere no kuri gahunda ya bateri nini, NIO yongereye ubuzima n'agaciro ka bateri muri sisitemu iriho.Ibi bizana umwanya wo guhindura ibiciro bya serivisi yo gukodesha bateri BaaS.Muri serivisi nshya yo gukodesha bateri ya BaaS, igiciro gisanzwe cyo gukodesha ipaki ya batiri yagabanutse kuva ku 980 kugeza ku 728 ku kwezi, kandi ipaki ya batiri yamara igihe kirekire yahinduwe kuva ku 1.680 igera ku 1.128 ku kwezi.
Abantu bamwe bemeza ko kubaka ubufatanye bwo guhana ingufu hagati y'urungano bihuye no kuyobora politiki.
NIO ni umuyobozi mubijyanye no guhinduranya bateri.Umwaka ushize, Weilai yinjiye murwego rwo gusimbuza bateri yigihugu "hitamo imwe kuri bane".Kugeza ubu, NIO yubatse kandi ikora sitasiyo zirenga 2,300 zo kugurisha batiri ku isoko ry’isi, kandi ikurura Changan, Geely, JAC, Chery n’andi masosiyete y’imodoka kwinjira mu muyoboro wa swap wa batiri.Nk’uko amakuru abitangaza, sitasiyo ya batiri ya NIO igereranya 70.000 yo kugurisha bateri ku munsi, kandi guhera muri Werurwe uyu mwaka, yahaye abakoresha miliyoni 40 zo kugurisha bateri.
NIO itangiza bateri zigihe kirekire byihuse birashobora gufasha umwanya waryo kumasoko ya swap ya bateri kurushaho guhagarara neza, kandi irashobora kandi kongera uburemere bwayo muguhindura ibipimo bisanzwe byo guhinduranya bateri.Mugihe kimwe, gukundwa kwa bateri igihe kirekire bizafasha ibirango kongera ibihembo byabo.Imbere mu gihugu yagize ati: “Bateri ziramba zikoreshwa cyane cyane mu bicuruzwa byo mu rwego rwo hejuru.”
Ku baguzi, niba bateri zimara igihe kinini zakozwe kandi zigashyirwa mu modoka, muri rusange ntibakenera kwishyura amafaranga yo gusimbuza bateri mu gihe cya garanti, bakamenya rwose "igihe kimwe cyimodoka na batiri."Irashobora kandi gufatwa nkigabanuka ritaziguye ibiciro byo gusimbuza bateri.
Nubwo hashimangiwe mu gitabo gishya cy’ingufu z’imodoka ko bateri ishobora gusimburwa ku buntu mu gihe cya garanti.Icyakora, umuntu umenyereye iki kibazo yavuze ko gusimbuza bateri kubuntu byubahirizwa."Mu bihe bifatika, ni gake hatangwa gusimburwa ku buntu, kandi gusimburwa bizangwa kubera impamvu zitandukanye."Kurugero, ikirango runaka kigaragaza urutonde rutari garanti, imwe murimwe ni "gukoresha ibinyabiziga" Mugihe cyibikorwa, amafaranga yo gusohora batiri arenga 80% ugereranije nubushobozi bwa batiri. "
Dufatiye kuri iyi ngingo, bateri ziramba ubu ni ubucuruzi bushoboye.Ariko igihe bizamenyekana murwego runini, igihe ntikiramenyekana.Nyuma yabyose, buriwese arashobora kuvuga kubijyanye na tekinoroji ya silicon-yuzuye lithium-yuzuza tekinoroji, ariko iracyakeneye kugenzurwa no kugeragezwa mubwato mbere yo gusaba ubucuruzi.Umwe mu bari mu nganda yagize ati: "Iterambere ry’ikoranabuhanga rya batiri yo mu gisekuru cya mbere rizatwara nibura imyaka ibiri."
Igihe cyo kohereza: Apr-13-2024