Nka "umutima" wibinyabiziga bishya byingufu, kongera gukoreshwa, icyatsi niterambere rirambye rya bateri yumuriro nyuma yizabukuru byashimishije cyane haba munganda ndetse no hanze yacyo. Kuva mu 2016, igihugu cyanjye cyashyize mu bikorwa garanti yimyaka 8 cyangwa kilometero 120.000 kuri bateri zitwara imodoka zitwara abagenzi, ni imyaka 8 ishize. Ibi bivuze kandi ko guhera muri uyumwaka, umubare runaka wamashanyarazi ya batiri azarangira buri mwaka.
Dukurikije raporo ya Gasgoo "Gukoresha Inganda Z'amashanyarazi no Gukoresha Inganda (2024 Edition)" (aha ni ukuvuga "Raporo"), mu 2023, toni 623.000 za batiri z'amashanyarazi zagiye mu kiruhuko cy'izabukuru zizongera gukoreshwa mu gihugu imbere, bikaba biteganijwe ko zizagera kuri miliyoni 1.2 toni muri 2025, ikazongera gukoreshwa muri 2030. Kugera kuri toni miliyoni 6.
Uyu munsi, Minisiteri y’inganda n’ikoranabuhanga mu itumanaho yahagaritse kwemerera urutonde rwera rw’amasosiyete atunganya amashanyarazi akoresha amashanyarazi, kandi igiciro cya litiro karubone yo mu rwego rwa batiri cyamanutse kigera ku 80.000 / toni. Igipimo cyo gutunganya ibikoresho bya nikel, cobalt na manganese mu nganda birenga 99%. Hamwe ninkunga yibintu byinshi nko gutanga, igiciro, politiki, nikoranabuhanga, inganda zikoresha ingufu za batiri zikoreshwa mu gihe cyo kuvugurura ibintu, zishobora kuba zegereye aho ihindagurika.
Umuhengeri wo gusezererwa uregereje, kandi inganda ziracyakeneye gushyirwaho
Mu myaka yashize, iterambere ryihuse ry’imodoka nshya z’ingufu ryazanye ubwiyongere bukabije bw’ubushobozi bwashyizweho bwa bateri y’amashanyarazi, butanga inkunga ikomeye yo gukura kw’amashanyarazi akoreshwa mu kongera ingufu, inganda nshya zisanzwe nyuma y’izunguruka.
Imibare yatanzwe na Minisiteri y’umutekano rusange, kugeza mu mpera za Kamena, umubare w’ibinyabiziga bishya by’ingufu mu gihugu hose wageze kuri miliyoni 24.72, bingana na 7.18% by’imodoka zose. Hano hari miliyoni 18.134 z'amashanyarazi meza, bingana na 73.35% byumubare wimodoka nshya yingufu. Dukurikije amakuru yashyizwe ahagaragara n’ubushinwa bw’imodoka zikoresha amashanyarazi mu Bushinwa, mu gice cya mbere cy’uyu mwaka wonyine, ubushobozi bwo gushyiramo ingufu za batiri z’amashanyarazi mu gihugu cyanjye bwari 203.3GWh.
"Raporo" yerekanye ko kuva mu mwaka wa 2015, igihugu cyanjye gishya cy’imodoka z’ingufu zagaragaje ubwiyongere bukabije, kandi ubushobozi bwa batiri bw’amashanyarazi bwiyongereye uko bikwiye. Ukurikije ubuzima bwa bateri buringaniye bwimyaka 5 kugeza 8, bateri yumuriro igiye gutangiza umuraba munini wizabukuru.
Birakwiye kandi kumenya ko bateri zikoresha ingufu zangiza cyane ibidukikije numubiri wumuntu. Ibikoresho bya buri gice cya batiri yingufu zirashobora gufata imiti hamwe nibintu bimwe na bimwe bidukikije kugirango bitange umwanda. Nibamara kwinjira mu butaka, amazi n'ikirere, bizatera umwanda ukomeye. Ibyuma nka gurş, mercure, cobalt, nikel, umuringa, na manganese nabyo bigira ingaruka nziza kandi birashobora kwegeranya mumubiri wumuntu binyuze mumurongo wibiryo, bikangiza ubuzima bwabantu.
Ubuvuzi bwibanze butagira ingaruka kuri bateri zikoreshwa na lithium-ion hamwe no gutunganya ibikoresho byicyuma ningamba zingenzi zita kubuzima bwabantu niterambere rirambye ryibidukikije. Kubwibyo, imbere yizabukuru nini ya pansiyo ya batiri yingufu, ni ngombwa kandi byihutirwa gufata neza bateri zikoreshwa.
Mu rwego rwo guteza imbere iterambere risanzwe ry’inganda zitunganya ibicuruzwa, Minisiteri y’inganda n’ikoranabuhanga mu itumanaho yateye inkunga itsinda ry’amasosiyete akoresha ibicuruzwa bitunganya ibicuruzwa. Kugeza ubu, imaze gushyira ahagaragara urutonde rwera rw’amasosiyete 156 y’ingufu zitunganya amashanyarazi mu byiciro 5, harimo ibigo 93 bifite impamyabumenyi yo gukoresha mu byiciro, amasosiyete asenya, Hariho amasosiyete 51 afite ibyangombwa bisubirwamo n’ibigo 12 bifite impamyabumenyi zombi.
Usibye "ingabo zisanzwe" zavuzwe haruguru, isoko yo gutunganya ingufu za batiri zifite ingufu nyinshi ku isoko ryakuruye urujya n'uruza rw'amasosiyete menshi, kandi amarushanwa mu nganda zose zikoreshwa mu gutunganya batiri ya lithium yerekanye ibintu bito kandi bitatanye.
"Raporo" yerekanye ko guhera ku ya 25 Kamena uyu mwaka, hari amasosiyete ajyanye no gutunganya amashanyarazi akoreshwa mu gihugu 180.878, muri yo 49.766 azandikwa mu 2023, angana na 27.5% by'ubuzima bwose. Muri aya masosiyete 180.000, 65% biyandikishije gushora imari munsi ya miliyoni 5, kandi ni "imishinga mito mito" ifite imbaraga za tekiniki, uburyo bwo gutunganya ibicuruzwa, hamwe nubucuruzi bugomba kurushaho kunozwa no gutezwa imbere.
Bamwe mu bari mu nganda basobanuye neza ko gukoresha amashanyarazi ya batiri y’igihugu cyanjye no kuyitunganya bifite umusingi mwiza w’iterambere, ariko isoko ry’ingufu zitunganya amashanyarazi riri mu kajagari, ubushobozi bwo gukoresha neza bugomba kunozwa, kandi hagomba kubaho uburyo busanzwe bwo gutunganya ibicuruzwa. byateye imbere.
Hamwe nibintu byinshi birenze, inganda zirashobora kugera aharindimuka
"Impapuro zera ku iterambere ry’ubushinwa bwa Litiyumu-ion yo gutunganya Ubushinwa, Gukuraho no Gukoresha Echelon Inganda (2024)" byashyizwe ahagaragara n’ikigo cy’ubushakashatsi mu nganda z’ubushakashatsi mu Bushinwa n’ibindi bigo byerekana ko mu 2023, toni 623.000 za batiri za litiro-ion zongeye gukoreshwa. hirya no hino mu gihugu, ariko ibigo 156 byonyine byatangajwe na Minisiteri y’inganda n’ikoranabuhanga mu itumanaho Ubushobozi bwo gutanga izina ku nganda zujuje imikoreshereze yuzuye ya batiri y’amashanyarazi bugera kuri toni miliyoni 3.793 / ku mwaka, kandi igipimo cy’imikoreshereze y’izina ry’inganda zose ni 16.4% gusa.
Gasgoo yumva ko kubera ibintu nkingaruka zibiciro byibikoresho fatizo byamashanyarazi, inganda zinjiye mubyiciro bishya. Ibigo bimwe byatanze amakuru ku gipimo cyo gutunganya inganda zose kuko zitarenze 25%.
Mu gihe inganda nshya z’imodoka z’ingufu ziva mu iterambere ryihuse zigana ku iterambere ryujuje ubuziranenge, kugenzura inganda zitunganya amashanyarazi nazo ziragenda zikomera, kandi biteganijwe ko imiterere y’inganda izagenda neza.
Muri Werurwe uyu mwaka, ubwo Minisiteri y’inganda n’ikoranabuhanga mu itumanaho yatangaga "Itangazo ryo gutegura isaba ry’imishinga ifite imiterere isanzwe yo gukoresha mu buryo bwuzuye imikoreshereze y’imitungo mishya ndetse no kongera gukora ibikomoka ku mashini n’amashanyarazi mu 2024" ku nganda n’inzego zishinzwe amakuru. , yavuze ko "guhagarika iyemezwa ry’imodoka nshya zikoresha ingufu za batiri zikoresha ingufu" Koresha uburyo busanzwe bwo kumenyekanisha imishinga. " Biravugwa ko ikigamijwe muri iri hagarikwa ari ukongera gusuzuma ibigo byashyizwe ku rutonde, no gutanga ibisabwa kugira ngo bikosorwe ku masosiyete asanzwe afite urutonde rutujuje ibyangombwa, cyangwa se akuraho impamyabumenyi y’abazungu.
Ihagarikwa ryibisabwa byujuje ibyangombwa byatunguye ibigo byinshi byiteguraga kwinjira mu "ngabo zisanzwe" za batiri y’amashanyarazi ikoreshwa neza. Kugeza ubu, mu gupiganira imishinga minini nini nini yo mu bwoko bwa lithium ya batiri yo gutunganya ibicuruzwa, byasabwe neza ko ibigo bigomba kwandikwa. Uku kwimuka kwakohereje ikimenyetso cyo gukonjesha inganda za lithium zikoreshwa mu kongera ingufu mu gushora imari no kubaka. Muri icyo gihe, ibi kandi byongera ibyangombwa byujuje ibisabwa byamasosiyete yamaze kubona urutonde.
Byongeye kandi, "Gahunda y'ibikorwa iherutse guteza imbere ivugururwa ry’ibikoresho binini no gucuruza ibicuruzwa by’umuguzi" irasaba ko byahita tunonosora ibipimo ngenderwaho na politiki by’ibicuruzwa bitumizwa mu mahanga, ibikoresho bitunganyirizwa mu mahanga, n'ibindi. babujijwe gutumizwa mu gihugu cyanjye. Ubu kwinjiza bateri z'amashanyarazi mu kiruhuko cy'izabukuru biri ku murongo w'ibyigwa, binasohora ikimenyetso gishya cya politiki mu micungire y’amashanyarazi y’igihugu cyanjye.
Muri Kanama, igiciro cya litiro karubone yo mu rwego rwa batiri yarenze 80.000 Yuan / toni, itera igicucu ku nganda zitunganya amashanyarazi. Dukurikije amakuru yashyizwe ahagaragara n’ishyirahamwe ry’ibyuma bya Shanghai ku ya 9 Kanama, impuzandengo ya litiro karubone yo mu rwego rwa batiri yavuzwe ko ari 79.500 / toni. Kuzamuka kw'igiciro cya litiro ya karubone yo mu rwego rwa batiri yazamuye igiciro cya batiri ya lithium ikoreshwa neza, ikurura ibigo by'ingeri zose kwihutira inzira. Uyu munsi, igiciro cya karubone ya lithium ikomeje kugabanuka, ibyo bikaba byaragize ingaruka ku iterambere ry’inganda, hamwe n’amasosiyete atunganya ibicuruzwa bifite ingaruka nyinshi.
Buri kimwe muri bitatu byerekana ibyiza byacyo nibibi, kandi biteganijwe ko ubufatanye buzaba inzira nyamukuru.
Nyuma ya bateri yamashanyarazi imaze guhagarikwa, gukoresha kabiri no kuyisenya no kuyitunganya nuburyo bubiri bwingenzi bwo kujugunya. Kugeza ubu, gahunda yo gukoresha echelon iragoye cyane, kandi ubukungu bukeneye byihutirwa iterambere ryikoranabuhanga no guteza imbere ibintu bishya. Intego yo gusenya no gutunganya ibintu ni ukunguka inyungu zo gutunganya, kandi ikoranabuhanga numuyoboro nibyo bintu byingenzi bigira ingaruka.
"Raporo" yerekana ko ukurikije ibigo bitandukanye bitunganya ibicuruzwa, kuri ubu mu nganda hari uburyo butatu bwo gutunganya ibicuruzwa: inganda zikoresha amashanyarazi nk’umubiri nyamukuru, amasosiyete y’imodoka nk’umubiri nyamukuru, n’amasosiyete y’abandi bantu nk’urwego nyamukuru.
Twabibutsa ko mu rwego rwo kugabanuka kwunguka n’ingorabahizi zikomeye mu nganda zitunganya amashanyarazi, amasosiyete ahagarariye muri ubwo buryo butatu bwo gutunganya ibintu byose agera ku nyungu binyuze mu guhanga ikoranabuhanga, guhindura imishinga y’ubucuruzi, n'ibindi.
Biravugwa ko mu rwego rwo kurushaho kugabanya ibiciro by’umusaruro, kugera ku bicuruzwa bitunganyirizwa hamwe no gutanga ibikoresho bitangwa, amasosiyete akoresha amashanyarazi nka CATL, Guoxuan High-Tech, na Yiwei Lithium Energy yohereje ubucuruzi bwa batiri ya lithium no kongera kuvugurura.
Pan Xuexing, umuyobozi w’iterambere rirambye rya CATL, yigeze kuvuga ko CATL ifite igisubizo cyihariye cyo gutunganya bateri imwe, ishobora rwose kugera ku cyerekezo gifunga-cyerekezo cya batiri. Batteri yimyanda ihindurwamo ibikoresho fatizo bya bateri binyuze muburyo bwo gutunganya ibicuruzwa, bishobora gukoreshwa muri bateri mu ntambwe ikurikira. Nk’uko byatangajwe na rubanda, ikoranabuhanga rya CATL rishobora gukoreshwa rishobora kugera ku kigero cya 99,6% kuri nikel, cobalt na manganese, hamwe na litiro ya 91%. Mu 2023, CATL yatanze toni zigera ku 13.000 za karubone ya lithium kandi yongera gukoresha toni zigera ku 100.000 za bateri zikoreshwa.
Mu mpera z'umwaka ushize, "Ingamba z'Ubuyobozi zo Gukoresha Byuzuye Gukoresha Bateri z'amashanyarazi ku binyabiziga bishya by'ingufu (Umushinga w'ibitekerezo)" zasohotse, zisobanura inshingano ibigo bitandukanye by'ubucuruzi bigomba kugira mu ikoreshwa ryuzuye rya batiri z'amashanyarazi. Ihame, abakora ibinyabiziga bagomba kwishura inshingano za bateri zashyizweho. Gusubiramo inshingano.
Kugeza ubu, OEM nayo imaze kugera ku bintu bikomeye mu kongera ingufu za batiri. Geely Automobile yatangaje ku ya 24 Nyakanga ko irihutisha kunoza ubushobozi bwo gutunganya no kongera gukora ibinyabiziga bishya by’ingufu kandi imaze kugera ku kigero cyo hejuru ya 99% ku bikoresho bya nikel, cobalt na manganese muri bateri y’amashanyarazi.
Kugeza mu mpera za 2023, ingufu za Evergreen nshya ya Geely yatunganyije toni 9.026.98 za bateri zikoreshwa n’amashanyarazi kandi zinjira muri sisitemu yo gukurikirana, zitanga hafi toni 4.923 za nikel sulfate, toni 2,210 za sulfate ya cobalt, toni 1.974 za sulfate ya manganese, na toni 1,681 za lisiyumu karubone. Ibicuruzwa bitunganyirizwa bikoreshwa cyane cyane mugutegura ibicuruzwa bya ternary preursor. Mubyongeyeho, binyuze mugupima bidasanzwe bya bateri zishaje zishobora gukoreshwa muri porogaramu ya echelon, zikoreshwa kuri Geely wenyine kurubuga rwa logistique forklifts. Umushinga wicyitegererezo wo gukoresha echelon yo gukoresha forklifts watangijwe. Umuderevu arangije, irashobora kuzamurwa mumatsinda yose. Icyo gihe, irashobora guhaza ibikenewe byimodoka zirenga 2000 mumashanyarazi. Imikorere ya buri munsi ikeneye forklift.
Nka sosiyete y’abandi bantu, GEM yanavuze mu itangazo ryayo ryabanje ko yongeye gutunganya no gusenya toni 7.900 za batiri z’amashanyarazi (0.88GWh) mu gihembwe cya mbere cy’uyu mwaka, umwaka ushize wiyongereyeho 27.47%, kandi urateganya gutunganya no gusenya toni 45.000 za bateri z'amashanyarazi umwaka wose. Mu 2023, GEM yongeye gutunganya no gusenya toni 27,454 za batiri z'amashanyarazi (3.05GWh), umwaka ushize wiyongereyeho 57.49%. Amashanyarazi akoreshwa mu kongera ingufu za batiri yageze ku bikorwa byinjiza miliyari 1.131 yu mwaka, umwaka ushize wiyongereyeho 81,98%. Byongeye kandi, GEM kuri ubu ifite amashanyarazi mashya 5 y’ingufu zikoresha ingufu za batiri zikoreshwa mu gutanga amakuru asanzwe, menshi mu Bushinwa, kandi yashyizeho icyerekezo cy’ubufatanye bw’icyerekezo cya BYD, Mercedes-Benz Ubushinwa, Itsinda ry’imodoka rya Guangzhou, Imodoka zitwara abagenzi za Dongfeng, Chery Automobile, n'ibindi.
Buri moderi uko ari itatu ifite ibyiza byayo nibibi. Gusubiramo hamwe nabakora bateri nkumubiri nyamukuru bifasha kumenya icyerekezo cyogukoresha bateri yakoreshejwe. OEM irashobora kungukirwa nibyiza bigaragara kumuyoboro kugirango igiciro rusange cyo gutunganya ibicuruzwa kigabanuke, mugihe ibigo byabandi bishobora gufasha bateri. Kugwiza gukoresha umutungo.
Mu bihe biri imbere, nigute ushobora guca inzitizi mu nganda zitunganya ibicuruzwa?
"Raporo" ishimangira ko ubufatanye bw’inganda n’ubufatanye bwimbitse hagati y’imbere n’imbere y’urunani rw’inganda bizafasha mu kongera ingufu za batiri zifunze kandi zongera gukoresha urunigi rw’inganda rufite umusaruro ushimishije kandi ruhendutse. Ihuriro ry’inganda n’ubufatanye bw’amashyaka menshi biteganijwe ko rizaba icyitegererezo nyamukuru cyo gutunganya bateri.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Kanama-14-2024